! w! J- v+ Y% B! g% E3 l每一个表达式都包含需要查找的指令,如表A所示。, H5 a, p3 |1 i) E8 K
, _1 |7 K l2 u {8 kTable A: Character-matching regular expressions: h& {2 L8 ^( X4 Q! I
格式说明: * ~" m/ p" ]% O7 G/ E2 s--------------- e* P8 L8 {+ O/ F" ~6 ^; f E! v3 ^ C
操作:! k% x! Q2 Y; p' R- {# ~
解释: : u+ N/ k! g8 x: K, [例子: / {4 r2 v, T4 }结果: 9 Y' {3 F: _8 a$ _: e; }' {---------------- # e8 o, n' |5 _. 6 K6 C/ ]: d7 WMatch any one character ' |5 A0 o4 I* M/ r9 H( Vgrep .ord sample.txt % t; h" V- j* m4 S% [6 @Will match “ford”, “lord”, “2ord”, etc. in the file sample.txt.. \ n1 M8 M1 A
----------------- 5 L% P$ G( J/ c$ m# w6 n9 L2 q5 |
[ ]/ M2 k8 E* I. r- q, z9 r
Match any one character listed between the brackets 9 v, T Z# D$ ?# ^; sgrep [cng]ord sample.txt; I7 N9 }5 _" N4 g- ?( @
Will match only “cord”, “nord”, and “gord” % D6 x6 r1 p, s; z--------------------- 9 f [# s: p0 _+ W6 j0 y) B& _0 j[^ ] 3 b( ]+ p! l( D1 }, UMatch any one character not listed between the brackets! V7 H) e p) }) }
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grep [^cn]ord sample.txt : P& h, b, T( N$ e% o1 lWill match “lord”, “2ord”, etc. but not “cord” or “nord”3 J) }" [( S1 X
' ?- U4 m1 P5 igrep [a-zA-Z]ord sample.txt) L' }7 ~8 Y8 q4 s# t
Will match “aord”, “bord”, “Aord”, “Bord”, etc.$ J3 k* _5 z5 m% T, e
) q6 [, l4 L1 G* Z& rgrep [^0-9]ord sample.txt ( x6 k7 e/ r gWill match “Aord”, “aord”, etc. but not “2ord”, etc.( z" l1 j5 \6 e
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重复操作符* E, w( F' ]% C& m' u8 ?$ R
重复操作符,或数量词,都描述了查找一个特定字符的次数。它们常被用于字符匹配语法以查找多行的字符,可参见表B。" C" f7 k! O- K P
9 j* K, P1 O. R" bTable B: Regular expression repetition operators ! Z1 X# D! `. | l4 k# D, y格式说明: : z! q: c6 f z$ X$ v! m1 h--------------- ( i9 h: O$ q, k1 R% x: V
操作: 5 [) b+ X4 q- H$ P: z) C+ j( a解释: ! O1 q1 I) y. W: ?/ Y6 i! b( C; W例子: q' e" }* q9 ~结果: ' M+ K( Z1 i$ `7 [; l6 ~. v----------------; Q* z: O7 m5 G( r) u' e6 v9 c0 i& T
? . t9 Y, k2 S0 VMatch any character one time, if it exists$ ]' J- j" R- _4 |; m. Q; b
egrep “?erd” sample.txt 7 D0 f+ R% b/ @- M8 h. W, w8 n* qWill match “berd”, “herd”, etc. and “erd”/ h' O. t2 i) d0 {( e- Q' w8 f9 b
------------------ ' y) [4 u9 V' x$ Q/ T+ Y D
* 2 ?' n' z* U* U/ jMatch declared element multiple times, if it exists + C% `% s' D* x9 [egrep “n.*rd” sample.txt Q: a( r6 |0 z0 C) }Will match “nerd”, “nrd”, “neard”, etc. % v& ?$ I7 N$ z# {) H------------------- 5 R e1 t0 Q1 y: u4 q7 F3 ^
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Match declared element one or more times ) y6 i2 F4 v J6 ^egrep “[n]+erd” sample.txt * T2 V- m [! E* N A$ JWill match “nerd”, “nnerd”, etc., but not “erd” N, K# y6 Q2 H-------------------- / |: B3 m. I) Q2 U. D% h
{n}1 H% J1 {! n8 Q3 @ q# N8 m
Match declared element exactly n times + `" N. x& r; b5 `: Begrep “[a-z]{2}erd” sample.txt 6 B; R0 s- M3 w; M* y |Will match “cherd”, “blerd”, etc. but not “nerd”, “erd”, “buzzerd”, etc.- T1 m5 k' _5 c
------------------------ + @# x l+ Y* R n: B( ^; g{n,}8 x3 b. B! @* p; q
Match declared element at least n times # ^ p6 _3 I* _! y" @, Zegrep “.{2,}erd” sample.txt! |9 y8 O. t; r( o- r1 J% d
Will match “cherd” and “buzzerd”, but not “nerd”' {$ ?+ t7 B0 v
------------------------ ' l9 \5 y' t2 J0 U0 |4 R
{n,N} ! T L6 Z e6 M7 l, F: q7 EMatch declared element at least n times, but not more than N times ( E# A% ^4 d/ C+ \8 h% D. Y! A& {* Regrep “n[e]{1,2}rd” sample.txt + p' M; @! U% `6 kWill match “nerd” and “neerd” 0 I! _: o: L1 e) f0 v( S+ F1 L& q$ ~7 B* W% Z: f
第三部分: , ^ o' w/ w/ S. T+ _---------------- Q- t, W& [& B/ @, l
锚 " a3 I3 e8 C* o" r$ c$ k锚是指它所要匹配的格式,如图C所示。使用它能方便你查找通用字符的合并。例如,我用vi行编辑器命令:s来代表substitute,这一命令的基本语法是:% L" a# y* X9 k- V2 {1 R. n) q
3 ~* X; ^3 w1 o" y$ [
s/pattern_to_match/pattern_to_substitute/& F- t0 T. c; G6 o2 ` h$ _) e' _
6 F+ S9 O4 T* U$ ^ O% o( q& A! }2 B: |' U- M9 | Z; U
Table C: Regular expression anchors$ @1 j3 ^; Y& V U; u, a% @
------------- 0 ]+ l' v5 e$ [0 }( D& \操作 8 D7 |3 W/ O. K+ Y% T3 |" M解释 : P0 _7 q F! G6 G- z0 J例子 + `) D/ k: O* S& F6 I5 @结果8 u& @3 z* Y2 E- R. i
--------------- # L6 R/ b7 ^5 K^ 2 h& N' s# ]5 Q2 n: x" \5 k5 SMatch at the beginning of a line" Y$ {; x+ X6 @
s/^/blah / 5 u* Y& p7 ^4 l/ o% cInserts “blah “ at the beginning of the line / K: l* s! [: m- Y% d--------------- 5 G7 `0 p+ S. c
$7 V E& x' v$ Z# g" _. C- n
Match at the end of a line ( x% `0 C' E& [# y( _, i9 i! cs/$/ blah/+ I! {- R2 s4 i' _9 x
Inserts “ blah” at the end of the line& s1 Y5 i; i) B
--------------- & c- `* |/ P1 D* y0 Z\</ Y- B: ?- p7 z
Match at the beginning of a word5 L8 N) u) ]9 a
s/\Inserts “blah” at the beginning of the word) q: \2 m: `7 ~2 a3 @! \& P( ~, d
% V4 S7 O8 C( Y7 i) V! negrep “\Matches “blahfield”, etc.' F9 T; O* M% u
------------------ + H7 i- V& B( V1 e5 _6 E\>5 @; Y" q+ x, A( D( v- A# j: b
Match at the end of a word* h2 H0 j, r1 R, N# H
s/\>/blah/ 1 x9 y0 _; Y9 h s- W; g8 _Inserts “blah” at the end of the word' H) i* Q) w4 e% C3 W% {
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egrep “\>blah” sample.txt * K, Z; o3 y+ g' kMatches “soupblah”, etc. 5 r* X1 N- b* c) r! q5 C) @3 r# e---------------3 v* I1 v% o( f! E( ?
\b 7 s& f+ E' R/ Y( Q' v* M" S4 c! @# kMatch at the beginning or end of a word+ a( O( V6 J8 |& m( S
egrep “\bblah” sample.txt & }6 O! Q+ d% Q" |' rMatches “blahcake” and “countblah” 6 ^3 M* e; L2 t: l) C$ Y, C-----------------' I4 U- N" u: x; w! Q8 w3 N, v
\B ' ?4 p2 D8 Q3 X7 gMatch in the middle of a word / d+ \. e( a6 `! B5 c. u7 s/ yegrep “\Bblah” sample.txt 6 r$ R4 ?6 ~+ ]) ZMatches “sublahper”, etc.) Z' k5 w/ {; h" @* |* Y; p/ q
2 e. q% [" ^* E( L1 T//Create a file object with the file name 6 @! ]: n* y9 B2 M' L) F//in the argument:, V0 E. s! g l5 a
File fin = new File("fileName1"); " Q" f' c4 K2 F+ f( I' W3 TFile fout = new File("fileName2"); " X5 N3 l0 F7 K" o7 L//Open and input and output stream $ }$ _4 s5 o) L/ NFileInputStream fis = % Z. g0 e( T$ K2 U7 v8 y* V new FileInputStream(fin); - Q `6 f! Q' |' yFileOutputStream fos = # C; W' I$ K# h* [7 w new FileOutputStream(fout);9 W+ H4 ?2 O" C. j7 f
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BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader( " N" u/ c1 X) d% X2 S8 P new InputStreamReader(fis)); \7 X) s6 [; K3 a( }! n1 f* N7 L0 Z
BufferedWriter out = new BufferedWriter(8 w w4 n/ K; B$ t4 w# e1 q3 T+ y
new OutputStreamWriter(fos));) ~' R8 _: a5 @2 v
. R8 e& a5 b Y% l// The pattern matches control characters C8 ] C' S/ R9 ZPattern p = Pattern.compile("{cntrl}");# v% r% G$ o; P2 _- K9 _& @
Matcher m = p.matcher(""); & `0 R E _# R; xString aLine = null;9 K9 C# N, |8 X% P. [& t
while((aLine = in.readLine()) != null) { $ J6 x0 A) o7 Om.reset(aLine); % q! U5 {5 O% K- n: Z' A//Replaces control characters with an empty( p' X' W! L; H7 I6 U# `
//string. + i8 X7 l2 h+ c1 y+ ~: Y. i3 @String result = m.replaceAll("");8 b/ s3 N6 Y, `5 T T' s
out.write(result);$ s3 U) E- H$ x0 J
out.newLine(); 6 r- |- G+ z% `9 H! W9 F} , V* \3 H8 i+ L! ein.close(); 0 v3 w( o5 j2 u2 k7 b9 bout.close();/ S) Y: h, s# T5 ?0 ]
} ! K8 I2 g3 y0 e5 z( j}0 H. }7 i4 ^$ x" @8 |2 y% d
; B# ]; e! t' u8 l' A- k文件查找 ) N& e- h- S: Z( N9 m
, q, T( Q, C9 F' A6 g/* - a. o. m8 g7 I' S* Prints out the comments found in a .java file.6 v2 {$ A( _2 b _" i0 @
*/ # h5 X+ v# H0 O ^+ Y% [+ | ^ Wimport java.util.regex.*;1 F$ E f; K) ~/ a
import java.io.*;* X6 C, T9 J, P" g. D
import java.nio.*; . ~7 L$ N( v- F, _6 E }: vimport java.nio.charset.*; & C4 z2 y1 X' l/ V( V$ J nimport java.nio.channels.*; 2 B8 L% H6 b0 s6 B) n3 T . B6 D6 ^# k+ X% V/ {public class CharBufferExample { f8 }6 ]# a- t4 M7 u$ V
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {+ r: ~3 z K1 o) n1 V) Y
// Create a pattern to match comments, d! |# X/ T' I- b5 W- z
Pattern p = + W: s: t! W7 Y' c. K: ]
Pattern.compile("//.*$", Pattern.MULTILINE);2 Y& A) s% N' _2 z; ~
7 u& @. j4 g+ G4 W! k5 V// Get a Channel for the source file2 |1 e3 z4 ]- ~2 F( l
File f = new File("Replacement.java");+ H/ }+ [4 T1 I. ~: z% [
FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(f); , b, J& k: x; b3 t; M$ s- ~5 WFileChannel fc = fis.getChannel();9 D$ M1 F, h* J h8 o& z* k; \
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// Get a CharBuffer from the source file * L3 `- {. G; E: ZByteBuffer bb = ! R# i7 [3 Q- y" a$ sfc.map(FileChannel.MAP_RO, 0, (int)fc.size()); % ~! O0 Q C+ @5 b& b8 W0 rCharset cs = Charset.forName("8859_1");" q6 E, I9 B# v I! B
CharsetDecoder cd = cs.newDecoder();- u M' H. k- U8 K9 N. ~
CharBuffer cb = cd.decode(bb); * l+ |0 h) N; P8 |( r: z 1 E$ j, s! W0 v// Run some matches Q! b9 Q5 k- J1 MMatcher m = p.matcher(cb); 1 _1 w9 F7 W2 B9 w, v" R8 Kwhile (m.find())0 D# _/ B* Y; f/ q
System.out.println("Found comment: "+m.group()); a9 @( z+ {8 r# D" g1 `
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5 h8 @9 N1 a' Q* r1 P- c7 H( u结论 * ?/ s" t' I7 |4 j现在Java编程语言中的模式匹配和许多其他编程语言一样灵活了。可以在应 用程序中使用正则表达式,确保数据在输入数据库或发送给应用程序其他部分之 前,格式是正确的,正则表达式还可以用于各种各样的管理性工作。简而言之, 在Java编程中,可以在任何需要模式匹配的地方使用正则表达式。 5 o) m, a- R* E2 i) O7 x ~6 I$ H: W$ r' x2 M
JDK1.4之正規表示式 # R- K. R7 Q/ ^- ], lwritten by william chen(06/19/2002)* W; x- ^0 X- \
3 L& ?2 X# }9 q* O) t2 \2 o-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - @, Z x$ _. L' O+ E0 q! M. V7 z' N$ K9 C* Q$ b/ s
什麼是正規表示式呢(Reqular Expressions) ( j0 F% k! O0 r0 b: o4 e# G9 H5 a/ M3 G1 V
就是針對檔案、字串,透過一種很特別的表示式來作search與replace , Z, u9 N% B7 p& s4 i/ F7 I( a+ y1 _" |) Q4 X. B
因為在unix上有很多系統設定都是存放在文字檔中,因此網管或程式設計常常需要作搜尋與取代, |- f, R3 [9 M" A# v
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所以發展出一種特殊的命令叫做正規表示式 8 W0 _% P. S7 M4 c, ]0 K! @% l( c2 z% P8 Q: y) X2 g) S2 z( U" ~
我們可以很簡單的用 "s/$ L3 Y- i0 d" [% ]% o6 h
因此jdk1.4提供了一組正規表示式的package供大家使用; N' \! v' I$ j6 g
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若是jdk1.4以下的可以到http://jakarta.apache.org/oro取得相關功能的package % h3 s3 [; D: W6 _( W, ~. N 5 r$ B+ c; V; ]$ B剛剛列出的一串符號" s/ " a' a* F! e, ?: @9 S2 E1 }( E適用於j2sdk1.4的正規語法 - N4 ]- S2 ^8 b" n8 S" s6 [ # Z& F$ p* ^' S! \ J"." 代表任何字元6 X* n8 ~2 R( n$ x
8 W% L' e. s, x9 B% B3 t
正規式 原字串 符合之字串 % ^8 I2 f- y0 {# H1 [
. ab a 3 a/ `) q9 e$ |, L! E* T
.. abc ab ( s9 L8 i/ U4 I6 t7 ]1 u. A3 h7 G) y) k4 y9 D- w3 v( W
"+" 代表一個或以個以上的字元 3 Q) `! L; ?: W- e. c"*" 代表零個或是零個以上的字元 7 v+ ]+ J5 }, L4 E0 [ ^9 O ! K5 m# [. l0 V正規式 原字串 符合之字串 e1 ^9 u- w& |$ V/ a+ Z
+ ab ab ; x9 e5 C- |$ J K4 w
* abc abc . H( u( g( c$ G/ c) i$ W
7 b) e, B5 w5 {- z+ o"( )"群組 ) l0 }3 |" R! q4 n/ g* h9 @% o% [
正規式 原字串 符合之字串 % J( X% v4 s( t( z, X2 g: U4 k
(ab)* aabab abab 0 b% D8 `& n8 j* N' I" d