+ ~( K7 w# q& ^" r, }/ U" f& i正则表达式101; l4 D8 K; e9 v# k4 Q" v
很多正则表达式的语法看起来很相似,这是因为你以前你没有研究过它们。通配符是RE的一个结构类型,即重复操作。让我们先看一看ERE标准的最通用的基本语法类型。为了能够提供具有特定用途的范例,我将使用几个不同的程序。 % [+ O+ v; Z4 y/ P( }+ @* C9 x6 d0 P; ]. U9 v9 E' M# b
第二部分:, ]- P# A' y8 m7 z0 q6 z
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字符匹配 $ N+ g! u: s4 ~- s4 F( [: I f5 E& Z, t0 j8 H$ G
正则表达式的关键之处在于确定你要搜索匹配的东西,如果没有这一概念,Res将毫无用处。 3 g0 R+ D, Y' Z4 Y% ]& x3 t6 T8 Z
每一个表达式都包含需要查找的指令,如表A所示。 - I" H& W: B C2 M2 L2 I 6 N. ?0 c- W2 e! ITable A: Character-matching regular expressions 8 \$ ^- G: J0 y$ n' j格式说明: 1 K, B E {. Y) I--------------- / k3 @" g, Q: h' n; J
操作:2 C" o) a8 F: O( U$ C
解释: ! R- m" p' ]$ {" h% t- T例子:# I4 u# M- k! |, ]( i1 {
结果: # d% e6 j3 v; E- T; F----------------. A) S7 p5 i( b- ^. M, g
.* Q* ]- h# T, H9 `
Match any one character. f$ v, R: }/ M( A S& n+ X
grep .ord sample.txt 4 h) d& |' Y& [, g P# YWill match “ford”, “lord”, “2ord”, etc. in the file sample.txt. T' ~: T; z z: m3 s5 H- t: m----------------- 0 q% W. _5 R3 Y9 O; G5 Z0 ]: I[ ]7 }$ H! Y" U( L6 U: ^. @( Q" m0 L
Match any one character listed between the brackets k; l5 C% r$ j' O
grep [cng]ord sample.txt ( a8 T9 W% P! W0 |1 K( Y- pWill match only “cord”, “nord”, and “gord”9 d; b: T# O0 x I2 M4 T+ z0 n
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Match any one character not listed between the brackets* b0 _% q$ B" N4 v4 n2 }4 O7 S1 d
. H p) m {2 I2 C/ Ngrep [^cn]ord sample.txt % o5 l( V& y. z& c$ n, M2 R f; @+ iWill match “lord”, “2ord”, etc. but not “cord” or “nord”1 P: ]4 j7 i. R d; |4 y& u( C
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grep [a-zA-Z]ord sample.txt1 _8 E8 D: h, J4 r1 Q9 f
Will match “aord”, “bord”, “Aord”, “Bord”, etc.+ N: G4 S% R' o+ c
+ l B& Q: B& k" X4 {- W9 Lgrep [^0-9]ord sample.txt$ U* B' F: B$ s5 a1 B, Z2 J: z; N: [6 X
Will match “Aord”, “aord”, etc. but not “2ord”, etc.3 X3 `" n- r* l8 L0 ~& H$ ^
. t6 I. ?* m- T+ H" J! {5 T/ I6 D重复操作符2 r* A: ]2 E; q/ q6 N
重复操作符,或数量词,都描述了查找一个特定字符的次数。它们常被用于字符匹配语法以查找多行的字符,可参见表B。( y6 j2 f: Q( B- d! N
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Table B: Regular expression repetition operators5 B, B2 }' C3 u* ]3 s; K
格式说明:8 w0 z) C, k. \6 d
--------------- * B M- p0 D3 V; e; F操作: / |7 L7 n& i. t8 R解释:4 \/ J" m) ~ @
例子: 3 _/ E8 A/ k& `- e1 }结果: r1 B$ A$ o1 h q0 Z
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Match any character one time, if it exists4 y( V- e6 l# O% V2 Y2 M
egrep “?erd” sample.txt % [5 w, h1 p6 UWill match “berd”, “herd”, etc. and “erd” 8 U! u1 u5 `5 U& c------------------ 5 ^6 I5 c/ e+ p. J& z7 k
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Match declared element multiple times, if it exists8 c! u- g3 V& D- m! u1 Y9 ?
egrep “n.*rd” sample.txt: h8 i6 e9 ~# }7 ~) ?" E
Will match “nerd”, “nrd”, “neard”, etc. l0 r( p- a2 v4 _1 m------------------- . Q" `$ {* U4 d# G$ S5 ?+ L: [+8 J. Q; ^$ ]! ?2 y9 G0 p( D
Match declared element one or more times1 [) f3 d4 u+ e9 P- o9 T* V+ G
egrep “[n]+erd” sample.txt ) {3 Z2 Q- U. \: H2 v. [0 Q8 z0 DWill match “nerd”, “nnerd”, etc., but not “erd” 9 @- g, R5 x2 D-------------------- / @& r# m9 Z% o* x( `% t{n}) |8 X' O9 Y# A1 B
Match declared element exactly n times ' l+ S! r+ M# D' U" pegrep “[a-z]{2}erd” sample.txt ; y/ L: ~2 b$ J0 g$ m: K2 H4 UWill match “cherd”, “blerd”, etc. but not “nerd”, “erd”, “buzzerd”, etc. ( h7 z# s6 R, R- q S# F------------------------ 6 ^4 Y! \$ u3 n4 M) p6 J
{n,}3 D; A- X' }1 M! a- L
Match declared element at least n times% W( m0 |, \( E1 n) m7 q7 H
egrep “.{2,}erd” sample.txt0 k+ J t; k' _9 v
Will match “cherd” and “buzzerd”, but not “nerd”5 u% M8 M" Q4 d F
------------------------ * P" I) b. X! Z- z7 u& U{n,N} d7 E7 `" m5 o( C# I
Match declared element at least n times, but not more than N times 0 ]2 z& j3 Y0 r7 M6 T. Y, Iegrep “n[e]{1,2}rd” sample.txt6 g' w! x1 p# u% q# a/ U
Will match “nerd” and “neerd” " D' |+ O' Q, v$ w- S! }. @& h2 C: Y1 @* U5 Z/ w I4 E( D- _% d
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锚) t0 ~1 F9 K+ L* N+ e) N+ P& h
锚是指它所要匹配的格式,如图C所示。使用它能方便你查找通用字符的合并。例如,我用vi行编辑器命令:s来代表substitute,这一命令的基本语法是:+ n7 T5 ~0 y9 j- e1 j3 z
$ O t& P8 `6 C6 j9 Ns/pattern_to_match/pattern_to_substitute/! J$ Z$ A' V# H- v/ T: _
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Table C: Regular expression anchors' C) D1 @! J2 k
-------------# `% y: \' E2 w$ o$ g* Q9 \
操作3 Z; i. x. R+ s3 D. j
解释 ' |; ~+ c5 D/ u Q例子 9 N4 O+ y8 N4 y8 S0 b; U9 _& {0 H2 x) ]结果 ) }+ l/ J$ a, W, x: F--------------- * v9 ?2 @1 E+ ^& v! {
^ ; Q& P: K7 [% o5 I& A3 t, O3 y# t1 HMatch at the beginning of a line ) {: p W2 l* h0 p" |s/^/blah /4 I! p) [# p/ p, c" Z4 d
Inserts “blah “ at the beginning of the line% r# p( A4 y) m; Z5 A
--------------- 5 Z. H4 x# g2 q4 f6 b$ ) y( J s" L. `( A" xMatch at the end of a line0 O0 i6 ^1 l" `; s- \ y: S
s/$/ blah/+ x/ I B( x$ A
Inserts “ blah” at the end of the line+ {; R& e' O+ y: L
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\<: ^1 D* ~6 i- B. K( X3 B) U4 ]8 P
Match at the beginning of a word , L, X3 l% [6 G; J2 u/ ys/\Inserts “blah” at the beginning of the word" z" K- n+ i l0 A& v4 S# J" i
+ y% M2 T5 S9 l8 aegrep “\Matches “blahfield”, etc.# @# R4 Y( Z5 D
------------------ : k: y+ w3 s% m- x2 q\> ) _1 W q5 q* x4 w3 ]- d+ MMatch at the end of a word& k2 R0 O$ Q+ S" Z+ N+ x0 w
s/\>/blah/ 3 P- P1 _# S' n: o% BInserts “blah” at the end of the word' r }7 y& y$ |# K% R
% K( V& ~+ u8 d4 megrep “\>blah” sample.txt ( j/ a6 B& i" s# e2 \1 ^9 dMatches “soupblah”, etc./ y& P( H1 j, {
--------------- 8 c- ~# \1 B: n# C% ?\b & z, s% q3 x, }; d% z! B0 aMatch at the beginning or end of a word 9 `' s2 S1 ]/ u1 I4 U6 P" |) M; |egrep “\bblah” sample.txt: S5 g* B0 H' K% q: k$ |
Matches “blahcake” and “countblah”. Y+ |4 S' d, d( ]
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\B: l- ^3 b4 B6 @5 v
Match in the middle of a word " m! r8 ~1 L+ V9 ^* U" ~egrep “\Bblah” sample.txt 2 M! Q8 V/ o$ F% v4 F4 RMatches “sublahper”, etc. 6 h2 J& J" A0 o6 j* F. T8 J+ I: I$ O, ^( a
间隔 : E4 @4 F& D2 A, d# `2 N0 n* t/ ?; N4 y) i7 c1 U6 G H! E
Res中的另一可便之处是间隔(或插入)符号。实际上,这一符号相当于一个OR语句并代表|符号。下面的语句返回文件sample.txt中的“nerd” 和 “merd”的句柄: : k6 T$ Q |+ m& N7 W. i: `( ?3 H' w4 ~, w* d
egrep “(n|m)erd” sample.txt H, w$ l, i. I' D% K! Y% b0 y
1 c" N6 N4 t! \1 u% o* X+ A7 u间隔功能非常强大,特别是当你寻找文件不同拼写的时候,但你可以在下面的例子得到相同的结果: 0 F% r( t/ P. }3 T& `" m: B9 @/ n- @0 ^8 d3 D
egrep “[nm]erd” sample.txt! S k' F+ N: C: `6 p2 q9 I
R) o# T% A5 Y" n& ?. b7 ~, d当你使用间隔功能与Res的高级特性连接在一起时,它的真正用处更能体现出来。 0 M) \$ B5 S9 {3 N2 V% e
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第四部分:3 ?, {/ X; _$ ^& K4 b
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一些保留字符 `" m+ D' K0 IRes的最后一个最重要特性是保留字符(也称特定字符)。例如,如果你想要查找“ne*rd”和“ni*rd”的字符,格式匹配语句“n[ei]*rd”与“neeeeerd” 和 “nieieierd”相符合,但并不是你要查找的字符。因为‘*’(星号)是个保留字符,你必须用一个反斜线符号来替代它,即:“n[ei]\*rd”。其它的保留字符包括:4 e# ^' H# R, y9 W/ P8 T
4 n* p* l; I$ _" E/ s5 d
^ (carat) 2 w( T# C% E3 j) r; }9 C& v. (period) 7 D4 m% d' t& Q& V[ (left bracket} 6 R& S- n3 b6 |, \$ (dollar sign) $ Q N" C3 C1 p' S
( (left parenthesis) 9 e' b; | a5 ?' G: y7 l) (right parenthesis) . \% E0 M. N! B7 \; k! j; I| (pipe) & e7 p0 d5 `1 J
* (asterisk) . H6 |8 Q( q5 U) C6 o4 ?+ (plus symbol) # I: N! T6 b2 s3 R' U: U2 x? (question mark) # _" |. @8 t3 o
{ (left curly bracket, or left brace) 1 J% ]5 w6 f( E1 M$ i\ backslash 0 E9 x. O' g3 U0 M6 l一旦你把以上这些字符包括在你的字符搜索中,毫无疑问Res变得非常的难读。比如说以下的PHP中的eregi搜索引擎代码就很难读了。1 q, A% X" t7 V% V. u0 _1 J, E
. [" }. m& B/ D" d& x; keregi("^[_a-z0-9-]+(\.[_a-z0-9-]+)*@[a-z0-9-]+(\.[a-z0-9-]+)*$",$sendto)0 T9 {) F7 ?$ d$ l* X7 N. Z) x